Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery
Published on: September 26, 2025
Transdermal absorption enhancement through rat skin of gallidermin loaded in niosomes
Aranya Manosroi1, Penpan Khanrin, Warangkana Lohcharoenkal
1Natural Products Research and Development Center (NPRDC), Science and Technology Research Institute (STRI), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. pmpti005@chiangmai.ac.th
Abstract:
Gallidermin (Gdm) loaded in anionic niosomes composed of Tween 61/CHL/DP (1:1:0.05 molar ratio) gave the highest entrapment efficiency (45.06%). This formulation gave antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus with the MIC and MBC of 3.75 and 7.5; 7.5 and 15 microg/microl, respectively. Gdm loaded in niosomes was more chemically stable than Gdm in aqueous solution of about 1.5 times. Gdm loaded and unloaded in niosomes were not found in the receiver solution investigated by vertical Franz diffusion cells at 37 degrees C for 6h. Gdm loaded in niosomes showed higher cumulative amounts in viable epidermis and dermis (VED) of rat skin of about 2 times more than unloaded Gdm. Gdm loaded in niosomes and incorporated in gel exhibited the highest cumulative amounts (82.42+/-9.28 microg cm(-2)) and fluxes (13.74+/-1.55 microg cm(-2)h(-1)) in stratum corneum (SC) and comparative cumulative amounts (183.16+/-30.32 microg cm(-2)) and fluxes (25.74+/-5.05 microg cm(-2)h(-1)) in VED to the unloaded Gdm incorporated in gel. This study has suggested that Gdm loaded in anionic niosomes and incorporated in gel is the superior topical antibacterial formulation because of the high accumulation in the skin with no risk of systemic effect.
Related Concept Videos
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems
Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more effectively...
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In situ
The Doluisio method involves perfusing a prepared segment of a rat's small intestine with a solution of radiolabeled drug and a non-absorbable marker. This helps to differentiate between absorbed and non-absorbed drug concentrations. The intestinal segment is connected at both ends using tubing and syringes,...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention
Methods for Studying Drug Absorption: In vitro
The diffusion cell method uses a two-compartment cell, including a donor compartment with the drug solution, which simulates the environment where the drug is applied, and a receptor compartment with a buffer solution, which simulates the environment...
