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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Proofreading01:43

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules starts when DNA polymerase links nucleotides together in a sequence that is complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity for the correct base to ensure fidelity in DNA replication. The DNA polymerase furthermore proofreads during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.Errors during Replication Are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase EnzymeGenomic DNA is synthesized in...
Proofreading01:31

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore,  it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase Enzyme
Mismatch Repair01:20

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...
Mismatch Repair01:36

Mismatch Repair

Overview
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...

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A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing
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A Nonsequencing Approach for the Rapid Detection of RNA Editing

Published on: April 21, 2022

ADAR editing in double-stranded UTRs and other noncoding RNA sequences.

Heather A Hundley1, Brenda L Bass

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. hahundle@iupui.edu

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are enzymes that modify double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). While ADARs can diversify proteomes, their primary role may involve regulating RNA through noncoding sequence editing.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are enzymes found in all animals that catalyze the conversion of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
  • This adenosine-to-inosine editing alters RNA base-pairing properties, affecting RNA structure, coding potential, and splicing patterns.
  • ADARs were initially thought to function mainly in proteome diversification through editing of coding sequences, particularly in the nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the functions of ADAR enzymes beyond proteome diversification.
  • To investigate the role of ADAR-mediated RNA editing in noncoding RNA sequences.
  • To understand the impact of ADAR editing on post-transcriptional gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ADAR enzyme activity in various animal models.
  • Identification and characterization of ADAR substrates in both coding and noncoding RNA regions.
  • Comparative genomics to assess the evolutionary conservation of ADAR editing sites.
  • RNA sequencing and bioinformatics to analyze editing patterns in introns, untranslated regions, and small RNAs like miRNAs.

Main Results:

  • While ADARs do contribute to proteome diversification, particularly in the nervous system, editing within coding sequences is less common than in noncoding regions.
  • The primary targets for ADAR-mediated editing include introns and untranslated regions (UTRs) of messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • Editing also occurs in small noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs).

Conclusions:

  • ADAR enzymes play a significant role in RNA editing across various animal species.
  • Although ADAR editing in coding sequences contributes to proteome diversification, its prevalence is lower than editing in noncoding regions.
  • The precise functions of ADAR editing in noncoding sequences are still under investigation, but emerging evidence points towards roles in regulating diverse post-transcriptional processes.