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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis
11:16

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Published on: July 22, 2014

Comparative biomechanical analysis of current microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joints.

Malte Bellmann1, Thomas Schmalz, Siegmar Blumentritt

  • 1Department of Research, Otto Bock HealthCare, Duderstadt, Germany. malte.bellmann@ottobock.com

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The C-Leg prosthetic knee offers superior functional and safety advantages over other microprocessor-controlled knee joints, particularly in swing phase control and fall prevention. Metabolic energy consumption showed minimal differences across designs during level walking.

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Published on: May 8, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Prosthetics and Orthotics
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knees aim to restore natural gait and improve user safety.
  • Understanding functional differences between various microprocessor-controlled knee joint designs is crucial for clinical selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the functional performance and safety features of four microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joints: C-Leg, Hybrid Knee, Rheo Knee, and Adaptive 2.
  • To identify specific advantages and disadvantages of each design during various mobility tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Nine individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputations (mobility grade 3-4) were tested in a gait laboratory.
  • Participants were fitted with and evaluated using four different microprocessor-controlled knee joints.
  • Testing included level walking, stair and ramp negotiation, and stumble recovery, with data collected via optoelectronic cameras, forceplates, and spiroergometry.

Main Results:

  • The C-Leg demonstrated superior swing phase flexion resistance and terminal extension damping compared to the Hybrid Knee and Adaptive 2, especially at higher walking speeds.
  • The Rheo Knee offered adequate terminal extension but insufficient swing phase flexion resistance.
  • All tested knee designs provided some degree of contralateral limb unloading during stair and ramp descent, with notable safety differences observed during stair ascent, particularly in stability.
  • Stumble recovery tests indicated varying effectiveness in fall prevention among the different knee joint designs.

Conclusions:

  • Significant functional and safety differences exist among the evaluated microprocessor-controlled prosthetic knee joints.
  • The C-Leg appears to provide greater functional and safety benefits for amputees compared to the Hybrid Knee, Rheo Knee, and Adaptive 2.
  • Metabolic energy consumption during level walking did not significantly differ between the knee joints, suggesting it is not a primary differentiator for these components.