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Related Concept Videos

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Crossing Over01:30

Crossing Over

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis I. Genetic recombination gives rise to allelic diversity in the newly formed daughter cells. In humans, crossing over produces genetically distinct haploid egg and sperm cells that undergo fertilization to produce unique offspring. Before cell division starts, the germ cell’s chromosome(s) undergo duplication in the S phase of the cell cycle. As the cells enter prophase I, duplicated...
Crossing Over01:34

Crossing Over

Unlike mitosis, meiosis aims for genetic diversity in its creation of haploid gametes. Dividing germ cells first begin this process in prophase I, where each chromosome—replicated in S phase—is now composed of two sister chromatids (identical copies) joined centrally.
The homologous pairs of sister chromosomes—one from the maternal and one from the paternal genome—then begin to align alongside each other lengthwise, matching corresponding DNA positions in a process called synapsis.
In order to...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

A role for recombination in centromere function.

Ramsay J McFarlane1, Timothy C Humphrey

  • 1North West Cancer Research Fund Institute, Bangor University, Memorial Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK. r.macfarlane@bangor.ac.uk

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Centromeres, crucial for chromosome segregation, may function via homologous recombination. This process forms DNA loops, explaining the maintenance of direct and inverted repeats within centromeres.

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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

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Published on: March 3, 2016

Preparation of the Mgm101 Recombination Protein by MBP-based Tagging Strategy
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Published on: June 25, 2013

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Published on: February 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Centromeres are essential for accurate chromosome segregation during cell division (mitosis and meiosis).
  • Centromeres lack specific DNA sequence motifs but are characterized by repetitive DNA sequences in most eukaryotes.
  • A high sequence identity among repeats within centromeres suggests a role for recombination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a model where homologous recombination is integral to centromere function.
  • To explain how recombination contributes to the structural integrity and function of centromeres.
  • To elucidate the role of DNA loop formation in centromere stability.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of DNA recombination at centromeric regions.
  • Analysis of existing data on centromeric repeat sequences and their conservation.
  • Hypothesizing the mechanism of covalently closed DNA loop formation.

Main Results:

  • Postulation of inter-repeat homologous recombination as a key mechanism in centromere function.
  • Demonstration of how recombination can generate covalently closed DNA loops.
  • Explanation for the maintenance of both direct and inverted repeats at centromeres.

Conclusions:

  • Homologous recombination is intrinsically linked to centromere function and stability.
  • The formation of DNA loops by recombination is a plausible model for centromere architecture.
  • This model reconciles the presence of diverse repeat types with centromere essentiality.