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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

[Update hyperthyreoidism].

L Möller1, K Mann

  • 1Klinik für Endokrinologie und Zentrallabor, Bereich Forschung und Lehre, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Deutschland. lars.moeller@uk-essen.de

Der Internist
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperthyroidism treatments like methimazole carry risks such as agranulocytosis. Propylthiouracil is reserved for specific cases due to severe liver failure risks, while toxic adenoma is treated with radioiodine.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Published on: February 9, 2024

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Hyperthyroidism, primarily Graves' disease and toxic adenoma, is common.
  • Antithyroidal drugs, notably methimazole, are standard initial treatments in Europe.

Purpose:

  • To outline current European treatment guidelines for hyperthyroidism.
  • To detail drug choices, dosages, and associated risks.
  • To describe definitive treatments for toxic adenoma and Graves' disease.

Summary:

  • Methimazole is the preferred first-line antithyroidal drug, with a recommended starting dose not exceeding 15-20 mg/d to minimize agranulocytosis risk.
  • Propylthiouracil is reserved for specific situations (early pregnancy, methimazole intolerance) due to severe liver toxicity.
  • Radioiodine is the definitive treatment for toxic adenoma, requiring cessation of antithyroidal drugs one week prior. For Graves' disease, surgery or radioiodine is considered if TSH-receptor antibodies persist above 10 mU/l after six months of medical therapy.

Impact:

  • Informs clinical practice regarding safe and effective hyperthyroidism management.
  • Highlights the importance of dose-dependent risk assessment for antithyroidal drugs.
  • Provides clear indications for radioiodine and thyroidectomy in refractory cases.