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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles
09:27

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Published on: August 25, 2020

Reach adaptation to explicit vs. implicit target error.

Brendan D Cameron1, Ian M Franks, J Timothy Inglis

  • 1School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia, 6081 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.

Experimental Brain Research
|April 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored how people adapt reaching movements when the target, not the limb, is perturbed. Results show that explicit target perturbations, whether through timing or instructions, significantly influence movement adaptation and de-adaptation.

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Area of Science:

  • Motor control
  • Human sensorimotor adaptation
  • Visuomotor transformation

Background:

  • Reaching movement adaptation research typically involves visual feedback or force distortions.
  • This study examines adaptation by perturbing the reach target, not the limb itself.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how reach adaptation is affected by the timing of target perturbation relative to eye and hand movements.
  • Determine the influence of participant awareness of target perturbation on adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Participants pointed to targets that were systematically displaced.
  • Experiments manipulated target visibility timing (disappearance during movement vs. reappearance after) and participant awareness of the perturbation.

Main Results:

  • Target disappearance during the reach led to stronger aftereffects (misreaching).
  • Keeping the target visible until reach completion resulted in rapid extinction of misreaching.
  • Informed participants showed faster de-adaptation compared to uninformed ones.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptation to target displacement depends on the explicitness of the perturbation.
  • Both stimulus timing manipulation and explicit instructions enhance adaptation and de-adaptation processes.