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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Electrochemistry in diabetes management.

Adam Heller¹, Ben Feldman

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|April 14, 2010

Summary

TheraSense developed two innovative diabetes monitoring systems: the virtually painless FreeStyle blood glucose monitor and the implantable FreeStyle Navigator continuous glucose monitor, significantly improving diabetes care.

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Analytical Chemistry
Medical Devices

Background:

Diabetes mellitus poses a significant global health burden, leading to severe complications from both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
Existing glucose monitoring methods have limitations in terms of pain, accuracy, and continuous data availability.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the development and impact of two key diabetes management technologies from TheraSense (now Abbott Diabetes Care).
To highlight advancements in blood glucose monitoring and continuous glucose monitoring systems.

Main Methods:

Development of a microcoulometer-based blood glucose monitoring system (FreeStyle) utilizing printed electrodes and a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme with an Os(2+/3+) redox mediator.
Creation of a subcutaneously implanted amperometric continuous glucose monitoring system (FreeStyle Navigator) with a wired enzyme sensor and a flux-limiting membrane.

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Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies

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Electrochemiluminescence Assays for Human Islet Autoantibodies

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Published on: March 23, 2018

Main Results:

The FreeStyle system, approved in 2000, offered virtually painless monitoring and achieved over one billion blood assays by 2009.
The FreeStyle Navigator system, approved in 2008, provided continuous glucose measurements via a minimally invasive, replaceable sensor.
Specific electrode materials and redox mediator potentials were optimized to ensure assay accuracy and minimize interference in both systems.

Conclusions:

TheraSense's innovations, including the FreeStyle and FreeStyle Navigator systems, have substantially improved the quality of life for individuals managing diabetes.
These technologies represent significant advancements in diabetes self-management, offering greater accuracy, reduced pain, and continuous glucose insights.