Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 13, 2026
08:25
Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published on: September 26, 2022
Fragrance contact allergy in Iran
A Firooz1, M Nassiri-Kashani, A Khatami
1Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. firozali@sina.tums.ac.ir
Summary
Fragrance contact allergy (FCA) affects 7.2% of Iranian patients, with high clinical relevance. This allergy predominantly impacts women over 40, affecting hands and face.
Area of Science:
- Dermatology
- Allergology
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Fragrances are a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis.
- Fragrance contact allergy (FCA) affects 1-4% of the general population.
- Understanding FCA prevalence and impact is crucial for public health.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the frequency of FCA in Iranian patients with a history of contact or atopic dermatitis.
- To assess the clinical relevance of FCA in this patient group.
- To identify demographic and clinical patterns associated with FCA.
Main Methods:
- Standardized patch testing using German Contact Dermatitis Research Group and European Standard Series.
- Inclusion of specific fragrance allergens: fragrance mix I (FM I), Myroxylon pereirae (MP), Lyral, turpentine, and FM II.
- Study conducted across six dermatological clinics in Iran from January 2004 to December 2008.
Main Results:
- FCA was detected in 7.2% of the studied patients.
- Clinically relevant reactions were observed in 82.4% of fragrance-allergic patients.
- Hands (68.4%) and face (35.4%) were the most commonly affected areas, predominantly in women over 40.
Conclusions:
- FCA has significant clinical relevance in Iranian patients, although its frequency is lower than in some European countries.
- The study highlights the importance of identifying fragrance allergens in patients with suspected contact dermatitis.
- Targeted interventions and awareness campaigns may be beneficial, particularly for women over 40.
Related Concept Videos
01:03IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region
IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
The...
02:06Allergic Reactions
Overview
01:22IR Frequency Region: Alkyne and Nitrile Stretching
Both alkyne (C≡C) and nitrile (C≡N) functional groups contain triple bonds and show stretching absorptions around the wavenumber range of 2100 to 2300 cm−1 in the diagnostic region of the IR spectra.
Comparing the stretching vibrational frequency of C≡C triple bonds with that of double and single bonds, it is evident that C≡C triple bonds exhibit a higher stretching frequency than C=C double and C–C single bonds. Similarly, the C≡N triple bond exhibits higher stretching absorption than the C=N...
Comparing the stretching vibrational frequency of C≡C triple bonds with that of double and single bonds, it is evident that C≡C triple bonds exhibit a higher stretching frequency than C=C double and C–C single bonds. Similarly, the C≡N triple bond exhibits higher stretching absorption than the C=N...
01:26Physical Properties of Amines
Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
01:29IR Frequency Region: Alkene and Carbonyl Stretching
Double bonds in alkenes and carbonyl compounds exhibit stretching frequencies in the diagnostic region of the IR spectrum. In addition, alkenes exhibit vinylic C–H stretching and C–H out-of-plane bending absorptions that are useful for identifying substitution patterns.
Stretching frequencies are affected by several factors, such as resonance, inductive effects, ring strain, dipole moment, and hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the stretching frequency of the carbonyl double bond varies in...
Stretching frequencies are affected by several factors, such as resonance, inductive effects, ring strain, dipole moment, and hydrogen bonding. Consequently, the stretching frequency of the carbonyl double bond varies in...
01:27Allergic Drug Reactions
Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...