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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10:02

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Published on: March 12, 2020

Gender differences in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Julia J Rucklidge1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand. julia.rucklidge@canterbury.ac.nz

The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
|April 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) presents similarly in males and females, though girls are more often diagnosed with inattentive ADHD. Treatments appear equally effective, but females are less frequently referred for care.

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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Event Related Potentials (ERPs) and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol
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The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed in both males and females, with historical data suggesting higher prevalence in males.
  • Girls diagnosed with ADHD are more frequently categorized with the predominantly inattentive subtype compared to boys.
  • Existing literature indicates ADHD profiles are not inherently sex-specific, with males and females exhibiting more similarities than differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review gender differences in Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) across the lifespan.
  • To examine sex-specific variations in ADHD symptom presentation, coping strategies, and associated comorbidities.
  • To discuss the efficacy of ADHD treatments in relation to observed gender differences and identify research gaps.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing research on gender differences in ADHD.
  • Analysis of studies examining ADHD across different age groups and sexes.
  • Examination of treatment outcomes and referral patterns in males and females with ADHD.

Main Results:

  • While ADHD profiles are largely similar across sexes, some gender-specific differences exist, including lower self-efficacy and poorer coping in adolescent girls.
  • Females with ADHD may exhibit higher rates of depression and anxiety, and lower rates of externalizing behaviors compared to males.
  • Men with ADHD are incarcerated at higher rates than women with ADHD, though studies often face limitations like small sample sizes and referral biases.

Conclusions:

  • Treatments for ADHD are likely equally effective for both males and females.
  • A significant referral bias exists, with females being less likely to be referred for ADHD treatment than males.
  • Future research necessitates equal sex representation in samples to conduct robust sex-by-treatment analyses.