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Related Concept Videos

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...
Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
It defines a protecting group as the masking agent to make the more reactive species inert to a given set of conditions. This concept is depicted via the illustration of liquid flow through different outlets in an assembly of pipes. The analogy helps to understand the role...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Milgram's Obedience to Authority02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...

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A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning
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Published on: June 22, 2015

[Organ protection by conditioning].

Berthold Bein1, Patrick Meybohm

  • 1bein@anaesthesie.uni-kiel.de

Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS
|April 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue conditioning strategies, including preconditioning and postconditioning, enhance tolerance to ischemia, crucial for elderly patients with cardiovascular issues undergoing surgery. Further large-scale trials are needed to confirm clinical benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Cellular Physiology

Background:

  • Increasing number of elderly patients with cardiovascular comorbidities undergoing major surgery presents challenges.
  • Interventions to increase tissue tolerance against ischemia are critical.
  • Tissue conditioning enhances tolerance to subsequent ischemia through adaptive processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and evidence for tissue conditioning in the context of major surgery.
  • To differentiate between preconditioning and postconditioning strategies.
  • To highlight the potential of conditioning for organ protection in vulnerable patient populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tissue conditioning.
  • Discussion of cellular mechanisms involving ATP-dependent potassium channels and mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
  • Analysis of evidence from animal experiments and clinical trials in cardiac surgery.

Main Results:

  • Conditioning, triggered by brief ischemia, volatile anesthetics, or opioids, demonstrated effective tissue protection in animal models.
  • Clinical trials in cardiac surgery patients showed evidence of organ protection.
  • Preconditioning (before ischemia) and postconditioning (upon reperfusion) are distinct strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue conditioning is a promising approach to improve outcomes in patients undergoing major surgery.
  • Further large-scale, multicenter randomized trials are necessary to validate clinical efficacy.
  • Understanding cellular effectors is key to optimizing conditioning protocols.