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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Causality in acute encephalitis: defining aetiologies.

J Granerod1, R Cunningham, M Zuckerman

  • 1Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London NW9 5EQ, UK. Julia.granerod@hpa.org.uk

Epidemiology and Infection
|April 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying the cause of encephalitis is challenging, as over 100 infectious agents can be responsible. This study proposes new UK-based case definitions for acute encephalitis, including immune-mediated causes, to improve diagnosis and research.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Encephalitis diagnosis is complex, with over 100 potential infectious causes.
  • Current gold-standard diagnostic methods, like brain biopsies, are often not feasible.
  • Existing definitions do not fully encompass immune-mediated causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish UK-specific etiological case definitions for acute encephalitis.
  • To incorporate immune-mediated causes into encephalitis diagnostic criteria.
  • To facilitate standardized research and improve understanding of encephalitis etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Expert opinion was the primary method for developing the case definitions.
  • Literature-based methods supplemented expert consensus.
  • The framework is designed for iterative review and updates.

Main Results:

  • New etiological case definitions for acute encephalitis have been proposed from a UK perspective.
  • These definitions include both infectious and immune-mediated causes.
  • The definitions provide a standardized framework for clinical and research purposes.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed case definitions will aid in comparing studies and understanding encephalitis causes.
  • These definitions offer a structure for future updates as diagnostic capabilities advance.
  • The framework allows for assessing the role of novel pathogens in encephalitis.