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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy01:26

Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy

Phase-Contrast Microscopes
In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects
10:16

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects

Published on: February 8, 2014

2D and 3D X-ray phase retrieval of multi-material objects using a single defocus distance.

M A Beltran1, D M Paganin, K Uesugi

  • 1School of Physics, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia. Mario.Beltran@sci.monash.edu.au

Optics Express
|April 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A new X-ray phase contrast imaging method enables 3D reconstruction of multi-material objects. This transport-of-intensity equation-based technique simplifies experiments and enhances robustness against noise for material analysis.

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Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform
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Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform

Published on: February 12, 2014

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects
10:16

Digital Inline Holographic Microscopy (DIHM) of Weakly-scattering Subjects

Published on: February 8, 2014

Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform
06:25

Time Multiplexing Super Resolving Technique for Imaging from a Moving Platform

Published on: February 12, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Imaging Science

Background:

  • Conventional X-ray tomography often relies on absorption contrast, which can be limited for certain materials.
  • Phase contrast imaging offers enhanced sensitivity to material properties.
  • Reconstructing multi-material objects with distinct optical properties presents unique challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a tomographic phase retrieval method for multi-material objects.
  • To enable quantitative 3D reconstruction of complex refractive index distributions.
  • To simplify experimental requirements and improve robustness compared to existing methods.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized propagation-based X-ray phase contrast imaging.
  • Employed a phase-retrieval algorithm based on the Transport-of-Intensity equation.
  • Acquired single defocus distance images per tomographic projection.

Main Results:

  • Successfully reconstructed the 3D complex refractive index distribution of a multi-material test object.
  • Demonstrated quantitative reconstruction using single X-ray phase-contrast images per projection.
  • Showcased robustness against noise, outperforming conventional absorption tomography.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method provides a simplified and effective approach for multi-material object characterization.
  • This technique offers a robust alternative to absorption-based tomography for complex samples.
  • The method has potential applications in materials science and non-destructive testing.