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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language and Cognition01:27

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
06:48

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: June 25, 2019

Differential verbal, visual, and spatial working memory in written language production.

Bascom A Raulerson1, Michael J Donovan, Alison P Whiteford

  • 1Saint Louis University, USA. baraulerso@usi.edu

Perceptual and Motor Skills
|April 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that verbal working memory is crucial for planning written language, especially for noun definitions. Spatial working memory also plays a small role in writing, contrary to previous findings.

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The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Written language production involves complex cognitive processes.
  • Working memory, encompassing verbal, visual, and spatial components, is essential for these processes.
  • Previous research has explored the role of different working memory systems in language tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific contributions of verbal, visual, and spatial working memory to written language production.
  • To examine how different noun types (low/high frequency, concrete/abstract) influence working memory demands during writing.
  • To extend previous findings on working memory's role in language by examining concurrent task demands.

Main Methods:

  • Participants defined nouns while performing concurrent tasks taxing verbal, visual, or spatial working memory.
  • The study manipulated the type of information (verbal, visual, spatial) that participants had to update, store, and retrieve.
  • Analysis focused on the demands placed on each working memory system during the planning phase of written definition composition.

Main Results:

  • Linguistic encoding of planned conceptual content primarily relies on verbal working memory for both low and high frequency nouns.
  • Concrete nouns require significant visual working memory for referent imagery during planning, unlike abstract nouns.
  • Writing demonstrated a small but detectable demand on spatial working memory, a novel finding compared to prior research.

Conclusions:

  • Verbal working memory is the dominant system for the linguistic encoding aspect of written language planning.
  • Visual working memory's involvement is linked to the imagery of concrete noun referents, not general lexical properties.
  • Spatial working memory, while less prominent, also contributes to the complex cognitive architecture of writing.