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Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...

Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...

Lifecycle of Erythrocytes

Lifecycle of Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, constantly move through blood capillaries. As a result, they damage their plasma membrane due to the continuous friction. Typically, after 100 to 120 days, erythrocytes become rigid and fragile as they wear out. As they pass through small vessels in the spleen and liver, they can get trapped and break apart into fragments.
The resident phagocytic macrophages deal with these damaged cells by engulfing them and separating their globin and heme groups.

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...

Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Continuous Manual Exchange Transfusion for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: An Efficient Method to Avoid Iron Overload

Published on: March 14, 2017

Red cell substitutes from hemoglobin--do we start all over again?

Ronald Kluger¹

¹Davenport Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada. rkluger@chem.utoronto.ca

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology

|April 16, 2010

Summary

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-hemoglobin blood substitutes do not increase blood pressure and can generate nitric oxide (NO) from nitrite, offering a safer alternative to earlier hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers.

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Detection of Residual Donor Erythroid Progenitor Cells after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Hemoglobinopathies

Detection of Residual Donor Erythroid Progenitor Cells after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Patients with Hemoglobinopathies

Published on: September 6, 2017

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Biomedical Engineering
Hematology

Background:

Red blood cells are crucial for oxygen transport but have limited storage and infection risks.
Traditional hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) faced clinical limitations due to increased blood pressure and cardiac risks.
Nitric oxide (NO) is vital for vasodilation, and its scavenging by HBOCs was linked to adverse effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) as a blood substitute.
To investigate the mechanism by which PEG-Hb interacts with nitrite to produce nitric oxide (NO).
To determine if PEG-Hb can overcome the limitations of earlier HBOCs.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical trial data for various HBOCs.
Analysis of studies on PEG-Hb conjugates, focusing on their vasoactive properties.
Examination of the biochemical interaction between PEG-Hb, nitrite, and nitric oxide production.

Main Results:

Earlier HBOCs were associated with increased blood pressure and myocardial infarction risk.
PEG-Hb conjugates demonstrated no adverse effects on blood pressure.
PEG-Hb exhibits enhanced ability to produce NO from nitrite, potentially mitigating scavenging issues.

Conclusions:

PEG-Hb represents a promising advancement in blood substitute technology.
The non-vasoactive nature and NO-generating capacity of PEG-Hb address critical safety concerns.
Further development of PEG-Hb could offer a viable alternative to red blood cell transfusions.