In vitro murine spermatogenesis in an organ culture system

Achieving mammalian spermatogenesis in vitro has a long history of research but remains elusive. The organ culture method has advantages over the cell culture method, because germ cells are in situ albeit the tissue as a whole is in vitro. The method was used in the 1960s and 1970s but encountered difficulties in inducing complete meiosis, i.e., in getting meiosis to proceed beyond the pachytene stage. In the present study, we reevaluated the organ culture method using two lines of transgenic mice, Acr-GFP and Gsg2 (haspin)-GFP mice, whose germ cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP) at the mid and end stages of meiosis onward, respectively. Immature testicular tissues from these mice, ranging from 4.5 to 14.5 days postpartum, were cultured on the surface of the medium, providing a liquid-gas interface. Culturing testicular tissues of all ages tested resulted in the expression of both Acr- and Gsg2-GFP. Round spermatids were identified by a combination of Gsg2-GFP expression, cell size, and the presence of a single nucleus with a dot stained by Hoechst. In addition, the chromosome number of one of such presumptive spermatids was found to be 20 by the premature chromosome condensation method. As our semiquantitative assay system using GFP expression grading was useful for monitoring the effects of different environmental factors, including temperature, oxygen concentration, and antiretinoic molecules, further improvement of the culture conditions should be possible in the future.