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Related Concept Videos

The Mammary Glands01:12

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...
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Healing II: Complications

Complications during healing arise when tissue repair is altered by local or systemic factors. These changes involve abnormal collagen deposition, altered biomechanics, and reduced vascular supply, impairing restoration of normal structure and function.Loss of FunctionScar tissue differs significantly from the original tissue it replaces. In the skin, fibrosis lacks adnexal structures such as hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Their absence reduces tactile sensitivity, impairs...
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Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
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Published on: May 17, 2024

A solution to the high-riding nipple-areola complex.

Brett Andrew Frenkiel1, Marc D Pacifico, Morris Ritz

  • 1Melbourne Institute of Plastic Surgery, 253 Wattletree Road, Malvern, VIC 3144, Australia. brettty@hotmail.com

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
|April 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A Z-plasty technique successfully corrected a high-riding nipple in breast reconstruction. This method offers a potential solution for nipple position issues after various breast surgeries.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Correction of nipple position after breast surgery is challenging.
  • Limited surgical techniques exist for lowering a high-riding nipple-areola complex.

Observation:

  • A case study details the successful correction of a high-riding nipple.
  • The Z-plasty technique was employed in a breast reconstruction patient.

Findings:

  • The Z-plasty technique provided successful correction of nipple asymmetry.
  • Long-term follow-up (8 years) demonstrated sustained positive results.

Implications:

  • The Z-plasty technique is a viable option for correcting high-riding nipples.
  • This method may be applicable to both reconstructive and aesthetic breast surgery, including reduction mammaplasty.