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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells
08:03

Generation of Prostate Cancer Patient Derived Xenograft Models from Circulating Tumor Cells

Published on: October 20, 2015

The prostate cancer pseudo-epidemic.

Hans-Olov Adami1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. Adami@hsph.harvard.edu

Acta Oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden)
|April 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer offers modest mortality reduction but significant harms. The PSA test is limited, leading to over-diagnosis of non-lethal cancers, with no ideal screening test currently available.

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood testing for prostate cancer screening is a complex and controversial topic.
  • Recent contributions from Sweden have advanced the knowledge base, enabling a more informed debate on PSA screening.
  • This article summarizes current knowledge on PSA testing, early-stage prostate cancer, and radical treatment risks and benefits.

Discussion:

  • PSA screening likely provides only a modest reduction in prostate cancer mortality.
  • Substantial harms associated with PSA screening are well-documented.
  • Evidence suggests the PSA test has profound limitations for effective screening purposes.

Key Insights:

  • Population-wide PSA screening has led to a pseudo-epidemic of over-diagnosed, non-lethal prostate cancer.

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Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples
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Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples
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Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

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  • There is a critical need for molecular tools to differentiate between lethal and non-lethal prostate cancers.
  • Current molecular predictors of outcome have been unsuccessful in improving screening test performance.

    • Outlook:

    • Many health and professional agencies, particularly outside the US, now advise against population-wide PSA screening.
    • The development of an ideal screening test for prostate cancer is not on the immediate horizon.
    • Further research into molecular diagnostics is essential to refine prostate cancer screening and treatment strategies.