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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Primary Lymphoid Organs

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B-cell lymphomas with features intermediate between distinct pathologic entities. From pathogenesis to pathology.

Antonino Carbone1, Annunziata Gloghini, Antonella Aiello

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milano, Italy. antonino.carbone@istitutotumori.mi.it

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Summary

The 2008 WHO classification introduced new categories for difficult lymphoma diagnoses. These borderline categories aid in classifying challenging diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Hematopathology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Pathology

Background:

  • The 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues introduced provisional borderline categories.
  • These categories address diagnostic challenges posed by lymphomas with overlapping features between established entities.
  • Specific challenges include differentiating atypical diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and Burkitt lymphoma (BL).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the newly introduced provisional borderline categories in lymphoma classification.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges in differentiating specific lymphoma subtypes.
  • To discuss unresolved issues regarding molecular pathogenesis and treatment for these borderline categories.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the updated WHO Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues (2008).
  • Analysis of clinical, morphological, and immunophenotypic features of challenging lymphoma cases.
  • Examination of specific borderline categories, including those between DLBCL and HL, and DLBCL and BL.

Main Results:

  • Provisional borderline categories were established for lymphomas with overlapping features.
  • Difficulties in diagnosing atypical DLBCL, HL, and BL were acknowledged.
  • Specific borderline categories were identified, including those with features of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • A category for B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with intermediate features between DLBCL and Burkitt lymphoma was introduced.
  • Cases with MYC rearrangements, and concurrent BCL2/BCL6 rearrangements (double/triple-hit lymphomas), exhibit aggressive behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The 2008 WHO classification provides provisional categories for challenging lymphoma diagnoses.
  • Further research is needed to understand the molecular pathogenesis of these borderline lymphomas.
  • Defining effective treatment strategies for these provisional categories remains an unresolved issue.