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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Math Anxiety and Math Ability in Early Primary School Years.

Helga Krinzinger¹, Liane Kaufmann, Klaus Willmes

¹Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Germany.

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment

|April 20, 2010

Summary

This study found that while calculation ability and math anxiety both impact how young children view math, they do not directly cause each other. This challenges previous assumptions about math anxiety in early development.

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Area of Science:

Child Psychology
Educational Psychology
Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

Mathematical learning disabilities (MLDs) are frequently linked to math anxiety.
The causal relationship between early calculation ability and math anxiety remains under-investigated.
Understanding these links is crucial for supporting children with MLDs.

Purpose of the Study:

To longitudinally examine the relationship between calculation ability, math anxiety, and self-reported evaluation of mathematics.
To investigate these dynamics in primary school children from first to third grade.
To clarify the causal pathways in early mathematical development.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal study design.
Involved 140 primary school children.
Utilized structural equation modeling to analyze data.

Main Results:

Calculation ability significantly influenced the evaluation of mathematics.
Math anxiety also significantly influenced the evaluation of mathematics.
No significant causal effect was found between math anxiety and calculation ability in either direction.

Conclusions:

Early calculation ability and math anxiety independently shape children's math evaluations.
Findings contrast with clinical observations suggesting math anxiety may not directly impede early calculation skills.
This research provides a foundational understanding of math anxiety and performance in early development.