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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

The origin of switch costs: task preparation or task application?

Sander A Los¹, Erik Van der Burg

¹Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. sa.los@psy.vu.nl

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006)

|April 20, 2010

Summary

Switch costs, or slower responses during task alternation, disappear after no-go trials. These findings confirm that switch costs arise from applying a task set to a stimulus, not from preparing the task set.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Switch costs are typically observed as slower responses on task-alternation trials compared to task-repetition trials.
Previous research suggests switch costs may stem from inhibiting task sets on no-go trials, leading to slower subsequent responses.
Alternatively, switch costs could originate from the application of a task set to a target stimulus.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the origin of switch costs by examining response times after no-go trials.
To differentiate between the task-set inhibition and task-set application hypotheses for switch costs.

Main Methods:

Two experiments were conducted manipulating trial conditions.
Participants performed tasks involving go and no-go signals, with response times measured on task-alternation and task-repetition trials.

Main Results:

An absence of switch costs was observed under specific conditions following no-go trials.
Responding after no-go trials was relatively fast in these conditions, contradicting the task-set inhibition hypothesis.
These results support the idea that switch costs are related to the application of task sets.

Conclusions:

Switch costs originate from the application of a task set to a target stimulus.
The inhibition of task sets on no-go trials is not the primary source of switch costs.
Understanding switch costs informs cognitive control and task-switching mechanisms.