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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
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Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Rat Methyl-Seq Platform to Identify Epigenetic Changes Associated with Stress Exposure
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A Rat Methyl-Seq Platform to Identify Epigenetic Changes Associated with Stress Exposure

Published on: October 24, 2018

Small RNA expression and strain specificity in the rat.

Sam E V Linsen1, Elzo de Wit, Ewart de Bruijn

  • 1Hubrecht Institute-KNAW & University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Genomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

BMC Genomics
|April 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzes small RNA digital gene expression in rat tissues, identifying novel microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Findings reveal tissue-specific and strain-specific expression patterns, enhancing rat genome annotation.

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Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans

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A Rat Methyl-Seq Platform to Identify Epigenetic Changes Associated with Stress Exposure
09:06

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Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Combined Nucleotide and Protein Extractions in Caenorhabditis elegans

Published on: March 17, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Digital gene expression (DGE) profiling is a key method for RNA expression analysis.
  • Small RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), play crucial regulatory roles.
  • The rat is a significant model organism for physiological and neurobiological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze small RNA DGE profiles in different rat strains and tissues.
  • To identify and characterize known and novel miRNAs and piRNAs in the rat.
  • To investigate tissue-specific and strain-specific expression patterns of small RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Digital gene expression (DGE) profiling of small RNAs.
  • Analysis of two rat strains (BN-Lx and SHR) across six tissues (spleen, liver, brain, testis, heart, kidney).
  • Identification and annotation of known and novel miRNAs and piRNAs.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed expression of 588 known miRNAs and identified 56 homologous and 45 novel rat miRNAs.
  • Observed highly tissue-specific miRNA expression, with the brain and testis showing the most tissue-specific miRNAs.
  • Detected strain-specific differential miRNA expression in the liver and identified two types of germline-specific piRNAs in the testis.

Conclusions:

  • The study advances the annotation of small RNAs in the rat genome.
  • Identified strain- and tissue-specific expression patterns provide a foundation for studying small RNA roles in regulatory networks.
  • These findings support the use of rats in studying small RNAs in physiology and neurobiology.