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Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe
1Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom. P.Ready@nhm.ac.uk
Summary
Leishmaniasis poses a low risk for exotic species introduction in Europe. The primary threat involves the spread of endemic parasites, Leishmania infantum and L. tropica, driven by climate change and increased dog travel.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Epidemiology
- Parasitology
Background:
- Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe presents a growing public health concern.
- Understanding transmission dynamics and risk factors is crucial for effective control.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the emergence of leishmaniasis in Europe up to 2009.
- To assess the risk of leishmaniasis introduction and spread within the European Union.
- To identify factors influencing changes in leishmaniasis distribution.
Main Methods:
- Literature search up to and including 2009.
- Review of disease relevance, transmission, epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention.
- Assessment of short-term (2-3 years) and long-term (15-20 years) risks.
Main Results:
- Low risk of exotic Leishmania species introduction due to lack of proven vectors/hosts.
- Primary threat from endemic Leishmania infantum and L. tropica spread.
- Northward spread of L. infantum depends on climate and vector adaptation; increased dog travel is a significant risk.
Conclusions:
- Leishmaniasis control in Europe requires targeted surveillance and prompt treatment.
- Climate and environmental changes, alongside increased host mobility, are key drivers of leishmaniasis spread.
- Further investigation into non-vectorial dog-to-dog transmission of L. infantum is warranted.
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