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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1
07:32

Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1

Published on: September 5, 2016

Autophagy and HIV.

Christina Dinkins1, John Arko-Mensah, Vojo Deretic

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|April 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular process, eliminates damaged components and microbes. While it targets HIV, the viral protein Nef interferes, highlighting autophagy

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siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
09:10

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Published on: October 28, 2019

Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy using Advanced 3D Fluorescence Microscopy
09:59

Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy using Advanced 3D Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: May 3, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1
07:32

Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1

Published on: September 5, 2016

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells
09:10

siRNA Electroporation to Modulate Autophagy in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells

Published on: October 28, 2019

Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy using Advanced 3D Fluorescence Microscopy
09:59

Quantitative Analysis of Autophagy using Advanced 3D Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: May 3, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular pathway for degrading cytoplasmic components and organelles.
  • It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by removing damaged or unnecessary cellular material.
  • Autophagy is essential for eliminating intracellular pathogens and misfolded protein aggregates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of autophagy in targeting large cytoplasmic components, organelles, and microbes.
  • To discuss the specific interaction between autophagy and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • To explore the potential of modulating autophagy as an antiviral therapeutic strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating autophagy's role in cellular quality control and pathogen elimination.
  • Analysis of research detailing the interplay between autophagy and HIV, including the function of viral protein Nef.
  • Synthesis of current understanding regarding the therapeutic potential of autophagy in antiviral contexts.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy effectively degrades large cytoplasmic constituents, surplus organelles, protein aggregates, and intracellular microbes.
  • HIV is a target for autophagic degradation, but the viral protein Nef actively counteracts this process.
  • Recent findings reveal a complex interaction where HIV utilizes mechanisms to evade or inhibit autophagy.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is a critical cellular defense mechanism with broad applications in degrading diverse cellular targets.
  • The interaction between HIV and autophagy, particularly Nef's role, presents a significant challenge for viral clearance.
  • Targeting and enhancing autophagy presents a promising, yet largely untapped, therapeutic avenue for antiviral interventions.