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Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Oxygenic photosynthesis is a fundamental process in which light energy is harnessed to drive the oxidation of water, leading to the production of molecular oxygen (O₂), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). This process is essential for sustaining aerobic life on Earth and is primarily carried out by cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. The core of oxygenic photosynthesis lies in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll pigments facilitate light...

Origin of Photosynthesis

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Photosynthesis represents a fundamental biological process that transformed Earth's atmosphere and paved the way for complex life. Emerging roughly 3.4–3.8 billion years ago, the earliest photosynthetic organisms harnessed light energy to produce organic compounds. These anoxygenic phototrophs used electron donors like hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) or ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), rather than water, and did not release molecular oxygen (O₂) as a byproduct. Various groups, including green sulfur and purple...

Photosystem II

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The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
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The Calvin Benson Cycle

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Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...

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OverviewOxygenic photosynthesis plays a central role in the global carbon and oxygen cycles. The carbohydrates produced support nearly all food webs, while the oxygen by‑product enables aerobic life.Light‑dependent and light‑independent reactionsPhotosynthesis occurs in two main stages, each in a different part of the chloroplast: light‑dependent reactions and light‑independent reactions, also called the Calvin‑Benson cycle or simply the Calvin cycle.Light‑dependent reactions take place in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Evaluation of Photosynthetic Efficiency in Photorespiratory Mutants by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis

Evaluation of Photosynthetic Efficiency in Photorespiratory Mutants by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis

Published on: December 9, 2022

Photorespiration: players, partners and origin.

Hermann Bauwe¹, Martin Hagemann, Alisdair R Fernie

¹Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, D-18059 Rostock, Germany. hermann.bauwe@uni-rostock.de <hermann.bauwe@uni-rostock.de>

Trends in Plant Science

|April 21, 2010

Summary

Photorespiration helps plants survive in high oxygen but causes energy loss. Understanding this process and its links to other metabolic pathways is key for improving crops.

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Evaluation of Photosynthetic Efficiency in Photorespiratory Mutants by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analysis

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Evaluation of Photosynthetic Behaviors by Simultaneous Measurements of Leaf Reflectance and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analyses

Evaluation of Photosynthetic Behaviors by Simultaneous Measurements of Leaf Reflectance and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analyses

Published on: August 9, 2019

Area of Science:

Plant Physiology
Biochemistry
Metabolic Engineering

Background:

Photorespiration is a vital metabolic pathway enabling plants to cope with high oxygen levels by recycling toxic phosphoglycolate.
This process, however, leads to significant carbon and energy losses, presenting an opportunity for crop enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evolutionary origins of photorespiration.
To explore new insights into how photorespiration interacts with other metabolic processes.

Main Methods:

Genomic analysis of individual reaction steps in the photorespiratory cycle.
Integration of photorespiration with broader cellular metabolism.

Main Results:

The genomics era has facilitated detailed functional analysis of photorespiratory reactions.
Emerging evidence highlights connections between photorespiration and nitrogen assimilation and mitochondrial respiration.

Conclusions:

Photorespiration is a critical but costly process for plants in oxygen-rich environments.
Further research into photorespiration's metabolic integration offers potential for crop improvement and understanding plant adaptation.