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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4⁺FOXP3⁺ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4⁺ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Molecular mechanisms regulating TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 expression.

L Xu¹, A Kitani, W Strober

¹Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Mucosal Immunology

|April 21, 2010

Summary

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) drives Foxp3 expression, crucial for induced regulatory T cells (Tregs). This review details the complex molecular mechanisms and factors influencing Treg induction for immune system fine-tuning.

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4⁺FOXP3⁺ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4⁺ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol

Published on: December 30, 2016

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation

Published on: August 13, 2013

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Cellular Biology

Background:

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are vital for immune homeostasis.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a key cytokine in immune regulation.
Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) is a master transcription factor for Treg development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the molecular mechanisms of TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 expression.
To elucidate the factors influencing induced regulatory T cell (iTreg) generation.
To present an integrated view of Treg regulatory networks.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on Treg induction.
Analysis of molecular pathways regulating Foxp3 transcription.
Synthesis of data on environmental and cellular influences on iTregs.

Main Results:

TGF-beta signaling pathways are central to Foxp3 induction.
Multiple intracellular signaling molecules and epigenetic factors modulate Foxp3 expression.
Immune responses are finely tuned by the integration of various regulatory inputs.

Conclusions:

The induction of Tregs is a complex, multifactorial process.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for modulating immune responses.
An integrated regulatory regime governs Treg function and stability.