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Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

Pneumocephalus: case illustrations and review.

Clemens M Schirmer¹, Carl B Heilman, Anish Bhardwaj

¹Department of Neurological Surgery, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.

Neurocritical Care

|April 21, 2010

Summary

Pneumocephalus, or air in the skull, can occur after surgery or trauma. Early diagnosis and avoiding contributing factors are key to reducing complications.

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Neurology
Radiology

Background:

Pneumocephalus, air within the cranial cavity, is a recognized complication following neurosurgical procedures.
It can also result from craniofacial trauma, skull base tumors, or spontaneous occurrence.
Numerous factors contribute, including anesthesia (nitrous oxide), CSF drainage, and patient positioning.

Observation:

Clinical symptoms range from headaches and seizures to altered neurological status.
Pneumocephalus can mimic space-occupying lesions on imaging.
Supplemental oxygen aids in the absorption of intracranial air.

Findings:

This review synthesizes current knowledge on pneumocephalus incidence, mechanisms, and precipitating factors.
Case illustrations highlight typical presentations and diagnostic challenges.

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Neuroimaging is crucial for confirming the diagnosis and guiding management.

Implications:

High index of suspicion and prompt diagnosis are vital for minimizing morbidity and mortality.
Avoiding known contributing factors is essential in clinical practice.
Understanding pneumocephalus pathophysiology aids in developing effective management strategies.