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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale

Published on: August 25, 2014

Addiction in pregnancy.

Joan Keegan¹, Mehdi Parva, Mark Finnegan

¹Lankenau Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA. keeganj@mlhs.org

Journal of Addictive Diseases

|April 22, 2010

Summary

Substance abuse during pregnancy affects thousands of infants annually. Routine screening and education are crucial for reducing addiction in pregnancy and improving maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Neonatal Medicine
Public Health

Background:

Substance abuse in pregnancy has risen significantly in the US, impacting around 225,000 infants yearly.
Prenatal exposure to various illicit and legal substances poses serious risks to both mother and child.
Effective screening and education are vital for mitigating addiction during pregnancy.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the effects of common substances of abuse on pregnancy.
To highlight the associated obstetric and neonatal complications.
To emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for improved outcomes.

Main Methods:

Literature review of substance abuse in pregnancy.
Analysis of effects of opiates, cocaine, alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and amphetamines.

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Discussion of obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

Main Results:

Opiate abuse is linked to significantly higher poor obstetric outcomes and requires specialized neonatal care for withdrawal.
Cocaine, alcohol, and amphetamine use can cause spontaneous abortion, birth defects, growth restriction, and other severe neonatal issues.
Tobacco and marijuana use are associated with adverse outcomes including low birth weight, preterm delivery, respiratory problems, and withdrawal symptoms.

Conclusions:

Substance abuse during pregnancy leads to a spectrum of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Specialized prenatal care and neonatal support are essential for managing affected pregnancies.
A multidisciplinary approach is key to improving outcomes for mothers and infants exposed to substances.