Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Observational Studies

Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One example of...

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Sample Proportion and Population Proportion

Sample Proportion and Population Proportion

Collecting samples or responses from an entire population takes significant time and effort, so a researcher collects responses from only a sample of that population. Suppose a study needs to collect information about a specific mobile application. After sample collection, the researcher analyzes the data and discovers that most individuals in the sample use that specific mobile application. The sample proportion measures the number of individuals in a sample who either use or don't use the...

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Random Sampling Method

Random Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest. Among the various sampling methods used by...

Group Design

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Genetic factors underlying insomnia and ovarian insufficiency.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2023

Same author

Sleep bruxism and its associations with insomnia and OSA in the general population of Sao Paulo.

Sleep medicine·2020

Same author

We never speak about sudden unexpected death in Parkinson's disease.

European journal of neurology·2020

Same author

Sleep disturbances and residual neuromuscular blockade: future research possibilities.

Anaesthesia·2020

Same author

Sleep disturbance and atopic dermatitis: A bidirectional relationship?

Medical hypotheses·2020

Same author

Heritability of semantic verbal fluency task using time-interval analysis.

PloS one·2019

Same journal

Episodic and semantic memory contributions to imagination and creativity.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026

Same journal

What is the relationship between stress and prospective memory in everyday environments?

Memory (Hove, England)·2026

Same journal

Revisiting the confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identification: a metacognitive perspective.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026

Same journal

Beliefs about child witnesses: a survey of Danish legal professionals, social workers and psychologists.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026

Same journal

Potto-biographical memory ≈ autobiographical memory: on the retrieval and organisation of fictional- and personal-event memories.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026

Same journal

Conceptual and perceptual chunking of real-world objects in visual working memory.

Memory (Hove, England)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Published on: August 26, 2011

The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire: a population-based random sampling study.

D C Piauilino¹, O F A Bueno, S Tufik

¹Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil.

Memory (Hove, England)

|April 22, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study validated the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) in a diverse adult population in Brazil. Findings confirm its structure and reveal memory complaint differences based on gender, age, and economic status.

More Related Videos

Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: November 14, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Published on: August 26, 2011

Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Generalized Psychophysiological Interaction (PPI) Analysis of Memory Related Connectivity in Individuals at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: November 14, 2017

Area of Science:

Psychology
Neuroscience
Gerontology

Background:

The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) is a validated tool for assessing memory complaints.
Previous PRMQ studies lacked representative adult samples and control for confounding factors like affective status.
Metamemory, or awareness of one's own memory, is influenced by various demographic and health factors.

Purpose of the Study:

To administer the PRMQ to a probability sample representative of the adult population of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
To test competing models of the PRMQ's latent structure using confirmatory factor analyses.
To investigate the influence of gender, age, schooling, and economic status on prospective and retrospective memory complaints.

Main Methods:

A probabilistic three-stage cluster sample (n=1042) of the Sao Paulo population (ages 20-80) was surveyed.
Participants with memory-impairing conditions (e.g., depression, anxiety, neurological disorders) were excluded (n=664 remaining).
Confirmatory factor analyses were used to evaluate the PRMQ's structure, and regression analyses examined demographic influences on memory complaints.

Main Results:

The tripartite structure of the PRMQ (general, prospective, and retrospective memory factors) was confirmed.
Women reported more general memory slips, particularly around menopause.
Prospective memory complaints were more frequent than retrospective ones, except in lower-income individuals.

Conclusions:

The PRMQ demonstrates a reliable tripartite structure in a representative Brazilian adult population.
Demographic factors significantly influence prospective and retrospective memory complaints.
The study highlights the need to consider gender, age, and socioeconomic status when interpreting memory complaints.