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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

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Related Experiment Video

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Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
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T-cell responses induced by allergen-specific immunotherapy.

E Maggi1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Research, Transfer and High Education DENOTHE, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. e.maggi@dmi.unifi.it

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|April 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Allergen-specific immunotherapy effectively treats severe allergic rhinitis and asthma by inducing tolerance. This treatment reduces symptoms, improves quality of life, and offers long-term remission, preventing new sensitizations.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy Research
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is a WHO-recommended treatment for severe allergic rhinitis and asthma.
  • ASIT involves administering increasing allergen doses to induce tolerance (hyposensitization).
  • It is the only antigen-specific immunomodulatory treatment currently available for human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review immunological T cell responses to subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy.
  • To provide a unified perspective on immunoregulating and immunoredirecting mechanisms in ASIT.
  • To update on the efficacy and mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on allergen-specific immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of immunological T cell responses.
  • Examination of cellular and mediator changes at allergen exposure sites.

Main Results:

  • Successful ASIT reduces symptoms, medication use, and improves quality of life.
  • ASIT leads to long-term remission and prevents new sensitizations in children.
  • Immunotherapy suppresses allergen-induced late responses by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and mediators.

Conclusions:

  • Allergen-specific immunotherapy is a highly effective treatment for allergic diseases.
  • ASIT modulates immune responses, leading to clinical benefits and sustained remission.
  • Understanding T cell responses provides a unified view of ASIT's immunomodulatory mechanisms.