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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
The Equilibrium Constant03:10

The Equilibrium Constant

Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

Basicity of Aliphatic Amines

Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
To measure the basicity of amines, two conventions are generally used. The first defines Kb as the basicity constant for the deprotonation reaction of water by the amine, as presented in Figure 1. Conventionally, lower Kb indicates higher...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test
06:52

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

Published on: February 6, 2021

Ethylammonium nitrate in high temperature stable microemulsions.

Oliver Zech1, Stefan Thomaier, Agnes Kolodziejski

  • 1Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|April 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that microemulsions made with ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and ionic liquids are stable up to 150°C. These nonaqueous systems, containing EAN, dodecane, and [C(16)mim][Cl] surfactant, maintain their structure at high temperatures.

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Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels
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Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test
06:52

Laboratory Scale Slow Cook-Off Testing of Rocket Propellants: The Combustion Rate Analysis of a Slowly Heated Propellant (CRASH-P) Test

Published on: February 6, 2021

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels
11:34

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Colloid and Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Growing interest in nonaqueous microemulsions utilizing room-temperature ionic liquids.
  • Previous characterization of microemulsions with ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), dodecane, [C(16)mim][Cl], and decanol at ambient temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the high thermal stability of ionic liquid-based microemulsions.
  • To characterize the structural behavior of these microemulsions across a temperature range.

Main Methods:

  • Quasi-elastic light scattering (DLS) at ambient temperature.
  • Temperature-dependent small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) from 30°C to 150°C.
  • Data analysis using the generalized indirect Fourier transformation (GIFT) method and comparison with the Teubner-Strey (TS) model.

Main Results:

  • Microemulsions exhibited no visual phase change between 30°C and 150°C.
  • DLS indicated swelling of structures with increasing EAN concentration.
  • SANS data, analyzed with GIFT, confirmed the stability of EAN droplets in dodecane across the temperature range, with GIFT providing better fits than the TS model.

Conclusions:

  • The investigated microemulsions possess high thermal stability.
  • The formulation of high-temperature stable microemulsions using ionic liquids at ambient pressure is feasible.
  • Results support the existence of EAN droplets stabilized by surfactant in a dodecane continuous phase over the entire temperature range.