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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo
Published on: July 1, 2013
Hee-Dong Kim1, Ki-Soo Kim, Sung-Chan Ki
1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kwangju Christian Hospital, Gwangju, Korea.
Metal debris from spinal implants can cause inflammation and pain. Histological analysis revealed titanium particles and macrophage responses in surrounding tissues, potentially explaining late-onset pain after surgery.
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