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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
Published on: October 6, 2022
Metabolic and hepatobiliary side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART)
Daniel M Lugassy1, Brenna M Farmer, Lewis S Nelson
1New York City Poison Control Center, New York University School of Medicine, 455 First Avenue, Room 123, New York, NY 10016, USA. daniel.lugassy@nyumc.org
Abstract:
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been in use since 1987, the initiation of highly active ART has produced an increase in adverse drug reactions. This is a new challenge as many of the adverse drug reactions attributable to ART may be indistinguishable from non-drug-related illnesses. The emergency physician must be aware of the potential complications of ART as affected patients may present with nonspecific symptoms. The focus of this article is the metabolic and hepatobiliary adverse effects of ART.
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