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Related Concept Videos

Angina II: Classification01:27

Angina II: Classification

Angina, also known as angina pectoris, is a chest pain resulting from diminished blood flow to the heart muscle and is often a symptom of coronary artery disease. Angina presents several variants with distinctive attributes, etiologies, and therapeutic approaches. The main types of angina include stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal's), microvascular, intractable, and silent ischemia.Stable angina is caused by atherosclerosis, which leads to the formation of plaques that narrow the coronary...
Angina I: Introduction01:30

Angina I: Introduction

Definition and Symptoms: Angina (angina pectoris) is chest pain or discomfort caused by myocardial ischemia, which occurs when the heart muscle receives insufficient oxygen-rich blood. It typically manifests as pressing, squeezing, or crushing sensations in the chest and may radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.Primary Cause: In a healthy state, the coronary arteries can dilate (widen) to increase blood flow and meet the increased oxygen demand during physical activity or...
Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment01:29

Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment

Angina manifests as chest pain, tightness, or squeezing discomfort typically located behind the breastbone. It can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, and inner aspects of the upper arms, most commonly the left arm. Patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, profuse sweating, dizziness, indigestion, heartburn, palpitations, anxiety, and vomiting as accompanying symptoms. This pain often lasts a few minutes and is triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, heavy meals, or cold...
Angina V: Nursing Management01:20

Angina V: Nursing Management

Angina, a symptom of myocardial ischemia, requires a structured nursing management approach to ensure effective care and prevent complications like myocardial infarction. Comprehensive nursing care involves assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing interventions, and evaluating outcomes, all tailored to the individual patient's needs.Patient AssessmentNursing assessment begins with a detailed subjective evaluation of symptoms, which typically include chest pain or pressure radiating to the...
Angina IV: Management01:26

Angina IV: Management

IntroductionThe management of angina requires a comprehensive approach that includes pharmacological therapies, medical procedures, and lifestyle modifications.Pharmacological TherapiesAntiplatelet agents, such as aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor, play a pivotal role in preventing thrombus formation in patients with angina. These medications inhibit platelet aggregation and reduce the likelihood of myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular events.Anticoagulants, including...
Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers01:16

Antianginal Drugs: Nitrates and β-Blockers

In cardiovascular health, antianginal drugs combat angina pectoris — a condition marked by chest pain owing to diminished blood flow to the heart.
Organic nitrates,  such as nitroglycerin, play a pivotal role. Once metabolized, they liberate nitric oxide, a molecular marvel. Nitric oxide triggers guanylyl cyclase and augments cGMP production. This biochemical cascade orchestrates the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, ushering in vasodilation and enhancing coronary blood flow. Administered...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
10:28

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function

Published on: March 15, 2022

Gender and microvascular angina.

Lynn Nugent1, Puja K Mehta, C Noel Bairey Merz

  • 1Women's Heart Center, Preventive Cardiac Center, Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 444 S San Vicente Blvd, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis
|April 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Women often experience chest pain differently than men, with atypical symptoms and diagnostic challenges. Microvascular angina (MVA) may explain these disparities, offering a treatable cardiac condition previously overlooked.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Interventional Diagnostic Procedure: A Practical Guide for the Assessment of Coronary Vascular Function
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Published on: August 18, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Women's Health
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Gender disparities exist in chest pain presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Current diagnostic tools for chest pain in women are often inconclusive regarding cardiac causes.
  • The traditional diagnostic model focuses on obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore microvascular angina (MVA) as an under-recognized cause of chest pain in women.
  • To explain the discrepancy of chest pain with ischemia on testing but no obstructive CAD.
  • To highlight the role of gender in chest pain evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pathophysiologic mechanisms of MVA.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to MVA, including endothelial dysfunction, estrogen deficiency, and abnormal nociception.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic challenges in women with chest pain.

Main Results:

  • Microvascular angina (MVA) may account for chest pain in women with normal angiography despite positive stress tests.
  • Endothelial dysfunction, estrogen deficiency, and abnormal nociception are implicated in MVA.
  • Abnormal coronary reactivity testing is key in diagnosing MVA.

Conclusions:

  • Recognizing MVA is crucial for diagnosing chest pain in women.
  • Targeted treatments for MVA address underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms.
  • Considering gender and alternative pathophysiologic models improves chest pain diagnosis and treatment, preventing misclassification as non-cardiac.