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Related Concept Videos

Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

[Developmental malformations of the cerebral cortex].

M Reiss-Zimmermann1, D Weber, I Sorge

  • 1Klinik und Poliklinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR. Martin.Reiss-Zimmermann@medizin.uni-leipzig.de

Rofo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der Rontgenstrahlen Und Der Nuklearmedizin
|April 27, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Migration disorders (MD) cause epilepsy and developmental delay, often linked to cortical malformations. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment, including considering epilepsy surgery for refractory cases.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
05:12

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A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations
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A Novel Strategy Combining Array-CGH, Whole-exome Sequencing and In Utero Electroporation in Rodents to Identify Causative Genes for Brain Malformations

Published on: December 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Medical Imaging

Context:

  • Migration disorders (MD) are increasingly recognized as a significant cause of pediatric epilepsy and developmental delay.
  • Approximately 25% of children with refractory epilepsy exhibit cortical malformations.
  • Advances in neuroimaging have enhanced the detection and understanding of MD.

Purpose:

  • To explore the genetic and molecular underpinnings of MD, offering insights into cortical development pathogenesis.
  • To emphasize the importance of diagnosing MD for guiding treatment decisions, particularly regarding epilepsy surgery.
  • To categorize MD based on neurodevelopmental processes and resulting malformations.

Summary:

  • MD represent a spectrum of disorders with diverse genetic causes and clinical presentations.
  • Malformations include microcephaly, lissencephaly, schizencephaly, and heterotopia, stemming from abnormal neurogenesis or neuronal migration.
  • Recommended imaging protocols involve T1-w and T2-w MRI sequences, with T1-w TIR useful for heterotopia detection.

Impact:

  • Improved understanding of MD pathogenesis and normal cortical development.
  • Facilitates timely diagnosis and appropriate management strategies for affected children.
  • Highlights the role of advanced neuroimaging in identifying these complex neurological conditions.