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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Transporters01:31

Membrane Transporters

Transporters are essential membrane transport proteins with functions related to cell nutrition, homeostasis, communication, etc. Approximately 7% of all genes in the human genome code for transporters or transporter-related proteins.
Transporters are mainly composed of alpha-helices, built from bundles of ten or more helices traversing the plasma membrane. The solute-binding sites are located midway, where some of the helices are broken or distorted, making space for the binding site through...
Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
ABC Transporters: Importer01:27

ABC Transporters: Importer

ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporters are a class of ATP-driven pumps that hydrolyze ATP to move solutes across the membrane. They can be grouped into importers and exporters. While exporters are present in all domains of life, importers exist only in bacteria and some plants.
In bacteria, based on the number of transmembrane helices and the chemical nature of their substrates, the ABC importers can be divided into three types:
ABC Transporters: Exporter01:31

ABC Transporters: Exporter

ATP-binding cassette or ABC transporter is the largest superfamily of integral membrane proteins. The transporters have transmembrane-binding domains (TMDs) and nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). The TMDs are specific to their substrates, whereas the NBDs are similar to engines that complete ATP hydrolysis to complete the substrate transport. They can be full transporters consisting of two TMDs and NBDs, half transporters with one TMD and NBD, while some encoded with a single TMD or NBD are...
Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons
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Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

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TonB-dependent transporters: regulation, structure, and function.

Nicholas Noinaj1, Maude Guillier, Travis J Barnard

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. noinajn@niddk.nih.gov

Annual Review of Microbiology
|April 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) move essential nutrients into bacteria. Recent structural studies advance understanding of TBDT function and regulation, but the precise transport mechanism remains elusive.

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Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • TonB-dependent transporters (TBDTs) are crucial outer membrane proteins in bacteria.
  • They facilitate the uptake of vital nutrients like iron siderophores, vitamin B12, and nickel complexes.
  • TBDTs utilize energy from the proton motive force, transduced by the inner membrane TonB-ExbB-ExbD complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the structural and functional understanding of TBDTs.
  • To summarize the regulatory mechanisms governing TBDT expression.
  • To highlight outstanding questions regarding TBDT transport mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent structural biology studies.
  • Analysis of research on TBDT regulation.
  • Synthesis of functional data related to TBDT substrates and energy transduction.

Main Results:

  • Numerous new TBDT structures have been determined, offering insights into substrate selectivity and TonB complex interactions.
  • Diverse regulatory strategies, including metal-dependent regulators and small RNAs, control TBDT expression.
  • Progress has been made in understanding signal transduction across the bacterial outer membrane.

Conclusions:

  • Recent structural and regulatory studies have significantly enhanced our knowledge of TBDTs.
  • The exact mechanism by which TBDTs transport diverse substrates remains an open question.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the molecular mechanisms of TBDT-mediated transport.