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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
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Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
08:32

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Published on: January 4, 2018

GOAT: the master switch for the ghrelin system?

Amparo Romero1, Henriette Kirchner, Kristy Heppner

  • 1Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña 15782, Spain.

European Journal of Endocrinology
|April 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme is crucial for acylating ghrelin, a hormone regulating appetite and metabolism. Inhibiting GOAT offers potential therapeutic strategies for metabolic syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The ghrelin-ghrelin receptor system is a key regulator of energy balance and metabolism.
  • Ghrelin administration increases food intake and adiposity.
  • Ghrelin's biological activity depends on acylation with an eight-carbon fatty acid (octanoate).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the discovery and characterization of the ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) enzyme.
  • To highlight GOAT's role in ghrelin posttranslational modification.
  • To explore GOAT as a therapeutic target for metabolic disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on ghrelin acylation and GOAT.
  • Summary of cellular and molecular mechanisms of ghrelin action.
  • Analysis of GOAT's significance in metabolic regulation.

Main Results:

  • Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) has been identified as the enzyme responsible for ghrelin octanoylation.
  • GOAT activity is essential for the biological actions of ghrelin.
  • Understanding GOAT provides insights into ghrelin's role in metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • GOAT is a critical enzyme in the ghrelin system, essential for its biological activity.
  • GOAT represents a novel and potential therapeutic target for managing metabolic syndrome.
  • Targeting GOAT may offer new treatment possibilities for metabolic diseases.