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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Mutations01:39

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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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The Lambda Select cII Mutation Detection System
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Mutator transposon activation after UV-B involves chromatin remodeling.

Julia I Qüesta1, Virginia Walbot, Paula Casati

  • 1Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina.

Epigenetics
|April 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

UV-B radiation reactivates silenced Mu transposons in maize by increasing gene expression and altering epigenetic marks. This study reveals UV-B’s potential to reverse transposon silencing through chromatin remodeling.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Molecular biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • MuDR/Mu transposons can spontaneously silence in maize progeny, with rare reactivation.
  • UV-B radiation is a known, albeit poorly understood, reactivator of silenced Mutator elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms by which UV-B radiation reactivates silenced Mu transposons.
  • To analyze changes in transcript levels, DNA methylation, and chromatin modifications at MuDR and Mu1 elements post-UV-B exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Monitoring transcript abundance of mudrA and mudrB genes.
  • Assessing epigenetic DNA marks (methylation) at Mu elements.
  • Analyzing chromatin factors, including histone modifications (acetylation, H3K9me2 methylation).
  • Comparing effects in active Mutator and silenced maize plants.

Main Results:

  • UV-B treatment increased mudrA and B transcript levels in both active and silenced plants.
  • Histone H3 acetylation increased, while DNA and H3K9me2 methylation decreased at Mu elements.
  • Significant decrease in H3K9me2 methylation was observed in silenced plants after UV-B exposure.
  • No changes in small interfering RNA (siRNA) levels were detected.

Conclusions:

  • UV-B-induced reactivation of Mu transposons in maize involves increased transcription and epigenetic modifications.
  • Changes in H3K9me2 methylation, chromatin remodeling, and transcription factor binding are key early events in UV-B-mediated reactivation.
  • These findings provide insights into the mechanisms controlling transposon activity and epigenetic regulation in response to environmental stimuli.