Monovalent modified-live vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 2: immunity studies in cows

A challenge study was conducted to determine the efficacy of vaccination against bluetongue (BT) virus (BTV) serotype 2 in protecting cattle against infection. A group of 30 cows, vaccinated seven months previously with monovalent BTV-2 modified-live vaccine produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products in South Africa, were challenged subcutaneously with 2x 10(5.8)TCID50/ml of BTV-2 field isolate. All cattle originated from the same population in the Sardinian province of Oristano. Eight unvaccinated calves from a BTV-free herd also participated in this study; four were inoculated with BTV-2 and used as positive controls whilst the remaining four were used as negative controls to confirm that no BTV was circulating locally. Blood samples were taken from all animals three times a week for two months. Serum samples were tested for antibody against BTV using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and the virus neutralisation (VN) test. Virus isolation was attempted on the blood samples by intravenous egg inoculation followed by two blind passages in Vero cells. Virus titres following challenge were determined also. Of the 30 cows vaccinated, 29 were positive in the c-ELISA and demonstrated neutralising antibodies. At the time of challenge, 11 cows had no virus neutralising antibody while the remainder had low titres ranging from 1:10 (11 cows) to 1:20 (6 cows); two cows showed titres of 1:40 and 1:80, respectively. None of the cows showed signs of disease after challenge and no BTV was isolated from the blood of the 29 cows that had developed antibodies after vaccination. Commencing on day 9 post challenge, BTV-2 was isolated from the blood of the single cow that had not seroconverted following vaccination and from the blood of the unvaccinated controls. Viraemia lasted until day 21 post challenge. Neither BTV nor antibody was detected in the blood samples taken from the negative control group. These observations indicate that the monovalent BTV-2 modified-live vaccine protects most animals when challenged with field virus seven months post vaccination.