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Related Concept Videos

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point
03:13

Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy and Pineal Biopsy from a Single Entry Point

Published on: June 28, 2024

Ependymomas in adults.

Mark R Gilbert1, Roberta Ruda, Riccardo Soffietti

  • 1Department of Neuro-oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77025, USA. mrgilbert@mdanderson.org

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|April 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ependymomas are rare central nervous system tumors. Treatment involves surgical resection, with radiation for higher-grade tumors and targeted therapies showing promise.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Ependymomas are rare primary central nervous system tumors in adults.
  • They most commonly occur in the spinal cord, requiring critical histopathologic evaluation to differentiate grades.
  • Brain ependymomas are classified as grade II or III.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for adult ependymomas.
  • To highlight the importance of histopathologic grading for treatment selection.
  • To discuss current and emerging treatment modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of histopathologic features for grading ependymomas.
  • Surgical resection as the primary treatment modality.
  • Adjuvant radiation therapy protocols for higher-grade tumors.

Main Results:

  • Complete surgical resection can be curative for myxopapillary ependymoma.
  • Grade II ependymomas may be observed post-resection, while grade III tumors necessitate adjuvant radiation.
  • Chemotherapy shows limited benefit, but targeted agents are under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate histopathologic grading is crucial for guiding ependymoma treatment.
  • Multimodal treatment including surgery, radiation, and emerging targeted therapies is essential.
  • Further research into signal transduction pathways may yield more effective therapeutic targets.