Congenital uterine anomalies and their impact on fertility

Congenital uterine anomalies are not uncommon. Many are asymptomatic and have been associated with normal and adverse reproductive outcomes. The interference of these anomalies with a patient's fertility is an interesting but still debatable issue, and the proper management of infertile women with many forms of these anomalies remains controversial. The current literature regarding the frequency and probable causes of infertility among women with congenital uterine anomalies is insufficient to allow any robust conclusions to be drawn. Diagnostic and selection bias, a lack of objective diagnostic criteria for the different anomaly types and heterogeneity of study designs have contributed to the conflicting results from different studies of the prevalence of these anomalies among the infertile and fertile populations. However, emerging evidence from recent literature suggests causal associations between these anomalies (particularly the septate uterus) and infertility, and demonstrates significant improvements in the fecundity of women with septate uteri and otherwise unexplained infertility after hysteroscopic metroplasty. This review provides a critical update of the state of knowledge regarding congenital uterine anomalies, our current understanding of their effect on fertility and discusses how they can be managed from the reproductive perspective.