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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

Published on: November 30, 2018

Eye movements and processing difficulty in object relative clauses.

Adrian Staub1

  • 1University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Psychology, 01003, United States. astaub@psych.umass.edu <astaub@psych.umass.edu>

Cognition
|April 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Object-extracted relative clauses are harder to process. Eye movement data show difficulty arises early at the subject due to violated expectations, and later at the verb due to memory retrieval challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Sentences with object-extracted relative clauses are known to be more difficult to comprehend than subject-extracted ones.
  • Two main theories exist: one focusing on memory load, the other on experience-based expectations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the source of processing difficulty in object-extracted relative clauses.
  • To differentiate between memory-based and expectation-based accounts of this difficulty.

Main Methods:

  • Two eye-tracking experiments were conducted.
  • Participants read sentences with object-relative, subject-relative, and complement clauses.
  • Reading times and regressive saccades were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Regressive saccades were significantly more frequent from the subject noun phrase of object relatives compared to subject relatives or complement clauses.
  • This effect was stronger when the relative pronoun 'that' was omitted.
  • Reading time was also increased at the verb of object relative clauses.

Conclusions:

  • Both memory retrieval difficulty and violated expectations contribute to the processing cost of object-extracted relative clauses.
  • These two factors appear to have distinct behavioral manifestations during reading.