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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Common Ion Effect

Common Ion Effect

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

Electrolysis

Electrolysis

In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

The Heck reaction in ionic liquids: progress and challenges.

Fabio Bellina¹, Cinzia Chiappe

¹Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, via Risorgimento 35, Pisa, Italy. bellina@dcci.unipi.it

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 30, 2010

Summary

Ionic liquids offer a sustainable alternative to organic solvents in metal-catalyzed reactions like the Heck reaction. This review highlights their potential to enhance industrial process efficiency and environmental friendliness.

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

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Published on: March 24, 2018

Area of Science:

Green Chemistry
Catalysis
Materials Science

Background:

Increasing environmental concerns and regulations necessitate sustainable chemical processes.
Organic solvents in metal-catalyzed reactions pose environmental and safety challenges.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are emerging as promising green alternatives.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in applying ionic liquids and related systems in the Heck reaction.
To analyze the benefits and achievements of using ILs in this context.
To assess the potential for improving industrial process effectiveness.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies employing ionic liquids in the Heck reaction.
Analysis of catalytic activity, selectivity, and recyclability of IL systems.
Discussion of supported ionic liquids and ionic polymers.

Main Results:

Ionic liquids demonstrate significant potential in enhancing the Heck reaction.
Recyclability and reduced environmental impact are key advantages.
Supported ionic liquids and ionic polymers show promise for specific applications.

Conclusions:

Ionic liquids represent a viable and sustainable alternative to traditional solvents for the Heck reaction.
Further research can optimize IL-based systems for industrial scalability.
The adoption of ILs can lead to more environmentally benign chemical manufacturing.