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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes
12:47

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Published on: May 14, 2012

Targeting lymphocyte co-stimulation: from bench to bedside.

Nathan J Felix1, Anish Suri, Luisa Salter-Cid

  • 1Department of Immunology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, NJ 08543, USA. nathan.felix@bms.com

Autoimmunity
|May 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Targeting T and B lymphocyte co-stimulation, like CD28 and CD40, offers potential for autoimmune disease treatment. Current therapies indirectly target these pathways, with CTLA-4-Ig showing efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T and B lymphocytes are crucial for immune responses and implicated in autoimmune diseases.
  • Lymphocyte activation requires T-cell receptor engagement (signal 1) and co-stimulatory signals (signal 2).
  • Co-stimulation promotes lymphocyte proliferation, survival, and effector functions, while its absence can lead to anergy or tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of T and B lymphocyte co-stimulatory pathways in immune regulation and autoimmune diseases.
  • To focus on the clinically validated CD28 and CD40 pathways as therapeutic targets.
  • To discuss the potential and current limitations of targeting co-stimulatory molecules for treating autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on lymphocyte co-stimulation.

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Immunostimulatory Agent Evaluation: Lymphoid Tissue Extraction and Injection Route-Dependent Dendritic Cell Activation
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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes
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Published on: May 14, 2012

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells
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  • Analysis of the roles of CD28 and CD40 in T and B cell activation.
  • Discussion of current therapeutic strategies and their indirect targeting of co-stimulatory pathways.

    • Main Results:

    • CD28 (for T-cells) and CD40 (for B-cells) are potent co-stimulatory molecules.
    • Direct targeting of CD28 and CD40 has not yet yielded successful treatments for autoimmune diseases.
    • CTLA-4-Ig, an indirect CD28 inhibitor, is effective for rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

    Conclusions:

    • Co-stimulatory pathways, particularly CD28 and CD40, are critical for effective immune responses and hold therapeutic promise for autoimmune diseases.
    • Despite their potential, the clinical application of targeting these pathways is still evolving.
    • Further research into the complex interactions of various co-stimulatory and inhibitory pathways is needed to fully realize their clinical potential.