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Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...

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Strategic self-presentation refers to individuals' intentional efforts to influence how others perceive them. This process is employed in various social and professional settings, such as job interviews, dating, politics, and legal contexts, where individuals seek to shape impressions to gain social or material advantages. While people generally present themselves in ways that align with their authentic characteristics, external factors, such as cognitive load, can hinder their ability to...

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...

Strategies of Self-Presentation II: Self-Verification

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Self-verification is a fundamental psychological drive wherein individuals seek affirmation of their self-concept from others, striving for consistency between their internal self-view and external perceptions. This drive operates even when the self-concept is negative, influencing interpersonal behavior and feedback preferences in complex and often counterintuitive ways. Unlike the self-enhancement motive, which seeks positive evaluations, self-verification prioritizes coherence and...

Self-Discrepancy Theory

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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.

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Related Experiment Video

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Loneliness Assuaged: Eye-Tracking an Audience Watching Barrage Videos

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Published on: May 29, 2020

[Compensatory self-enhancement as a strategy for the multiple audience problem].

Yuu Kasagi¹, Ikuo Daibo

¹Graduate School of Human Science, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan. yuukasagi.suvvy@hotmail.co.jp

Shinrigaku Kenkyu : the Japanese Journal of Psychology

|May 4, 2010

Summary

People adjust self-presentation tactics based on audience. When observed by a same-sex peer, women presented as less attractive but more socially desirable to men, a compensatory strategy.

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Area of Science:

Social Psychology
Impression Management

Context:

The study investigates the complex challenge of self-presentation when individuals interact with multiple audiences simultaneously.
This research addresses the 'multiple audience problem' where different impressions are desired for each audience.

Purpose:

To examine how individuals manage self-presentation when faced with conflicting audience demands.
To understand the strategies employed in balancing desired impressions across different social contexts.

Summary:

Female participants engaged in conversations with either male or female confederates in a controlled laboratory setting.
Results indicated that in the absence of an observer, participants emphasized physical attractiveness towards the opposite-sex audience.
When a same-sex observer was present, participants modulated their self-presentation, appearing less physically attractive but more socially desirable and friendly to the opposite-sex audience.

Impact:

Highlights the adaptive nature of self-presentation strategies in response to social surveillance.
Demonstrates a compensatory self-enhancement strategy used to navigate complex multiple-audience situations.
Provides insights into impression management tactics and audience-specific self-presentation.