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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

Overview
Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:44

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: October 13, 2023

PD-1, gender, and autoimmunity.

Ravi K Dinesh1, Bevra H Hahn, Ram Pyare Singh

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|May 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex hormones may influence the programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathway, which regulates immune responses. Understanding this connection could explain autoimmune disease gender differences and guide new immune therapies.

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Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:44

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Published on: October 13, 2023

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12:36

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Published on: June 26, 2018

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity
11:12

Interrogating Individual Autoreactive Germinal Centers by Photoactivation in a Mixed Chimeric Model of Autoimmunity

Published on: April 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2) pathway is crucial for immune tolerance and homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of the PD-1:PD-L pathway is implicated in autoimmune diseases, chronic infections, and cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of sex hormones in modulating the PD-1:PD-L signaling pathway.
  • To explore potential links between sex hormones, PD-1:PD-L signaling, and the gender bias observed in autoimmune conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing research on PD-1:PD-L pathway and sex hormones.
  • Exploration of preclinical and clinical data investigating hormonal effects on immune cells and PD-1 expression.

Main Results:

  • Preliminary evidence suggests sex hormones can modulate PD-1 and PD-L1/L2 expression and function.
  • Hormonal influences may contribute to the differential susceptibility to autoimmune diseases between sexes.

Conclusions:

  • Investigating sex hormone interactions with the PD-1:PD-L pathway offers insights into autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
  • Targeting this pathway, considering hormonal influences, may lead to novel immunotherapeutic strategies for autoimmune conditions.