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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice
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The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: November 1, 2015

Changing cytokine patterns in systemic lupus: a prospective longitudinal study.

Lieh-Bang Liou1, Wan-Ju Chao

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Lin-kou and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-yuan, Taiwan. b890121@adm.cgmh.org.tw

Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi
|May 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Lupus patients

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Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
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Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

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The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice
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The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice

Published on: November 1, 2015

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
  • Cytokine Signaling

Background:

  • Monocytes in lupus patients exhibit distinct C-reactive protein (CRP)-inducing cytokine patterns (interleukin-6, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) when stimulated by immune complexes (ICs) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
  • Previous research established these differential cytokine secretion patterns in lupus monocytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cytokine patterns in lupus patients shift over time.
  • To determine if corticosteroid or hydroxychloroquine treatment influences these cytokine patterns.
  • To analyze the relationship between cytokine patterns and disease markers.

Main Methods:

  • PBMCs were collected from lupus patients at multiple time points (0, 1, 3, 6 months post-diagnosis).
  • Cells were stimulated with either ICs or LPS.
  • mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha was quantified using polymerase chain reaction.
  • Patients' samples were categorized into IC-pattern or LPS-pattern based on cytokine response.

Main Results:

  • IC-pattern PBMCs showed significantly higher mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1beta compared to LPS-pattern PBMCs.
  • Serum CRP levels were significantly higher in the IC-pattern group.
  • Serum CRP levels correlated positively with C3c and C4, and inversely with anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies.
  • Circulating ICs correlated positively with anti-dsDNA and inversely with C4.

Conclusions:

  • Cytokine patterns in lupus patients can change dynamically, either spontaneously or in response to medication.
  • Existing circulating ICs do not predetermine a patient's cytokine pattern.
  • CRP levels are linked to the consumption of anti-dsDNA, indicating disease activity.