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Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
08:01

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal

Published on: May 30, 2012

Metabolic oxidation regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation.

Oscar Yanes1, Julie Clark, Diana M Wong

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.

Nature Chemical Biology
|May 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic stem cells maintain pluripotency with unsaturated metabolites, which decrease upon differentiation. Manipulating metabolic pathways influences stem cell differentiation, revealing insights into redox regulation and stem cell fate.

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08:01

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Published on: June 21, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Stem cell pluripotency is crucial for development and regenerative medicine.
  • Metabolites represent an underexplored area for understanding stem cell states.
  • Redox status plays a role in cellular differentiation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of metabolites in embryonic stem cell pluripotency and differentiation.
  • To explore the relationship between the metabolome and stem cell redox status.
  • To identify specific metabolic pathways influencing stem cell fate.

Main Methods:

  • Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics to profile stem cell metabolites.
  • Monitoring of glutathione redox ratio and ascorbic acid levels.
  • Experimental manipulation of eicosanoid signaling and related pathways.

Main Results:

  • Embryonic stem cells exhibit abundant unsaturated metabolites, decreasing with differentiation.
  • Stem cell differentiation involves regulation of redox status (glutathione and ascorbic acid).
  • Inhibiting eicosanoid signaling maintains pluripotency and unsaturated fatty acids.
  • Specific oxidized metabolites promote neuronal and cardiac differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • The unsaturated metabolome supports stem cell pluripotency.
  • Stem cell differentiation is influenced by specific oxidative biochemical pathways.
  • Stem cells may utilize their metabolome to respond to in vivo oxidative signals like inflammation.