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Related Concept Videos

Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs. “eh”). Phonemes combine to...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

Semantics does not need a processing license from syntax in reading Chinese.

Yaxu Zhang1, Jing Yu, Julie E Boland

  • 1Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|May 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Semantic interpretation in Chinese sentence reading occurs even without proper syntactic structure. This challenges models suggesting syntax must be built before meaning, highlighting language experience

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • The interplay between syntactic structure building and semantic processing during language comprehension is a key area in psycholinguistics.
  • Previous research, particularly with German and French, suggested syntactic violations impede semantic integration.
  • The functional primacy of syntax over semantics in sentence processing remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional primacy of syntactic structure building over semantic processes in Chinese sentence reading.
  • To examine whether semantic interpretation can proceed independently of syntactic well-formedness in Chinese.
  • To compare findings with previous studies on syntactic-semantic interactions in other languages.

Main Methods:

  • Employed two event-related brain potential (ERP) experiments using Chinese sentence stimuli.
  • Manipulated syntactic category violations and semantic violations, analyzing the N400 component.
  • Designed experiments to mirror methodologies used in prior German and French language studies.

Main Results:

  • Semantic interpretation occurred despite the absence of a well-formed syntactic analysis in both experiments.
  • An N400 difference was observed between combined syntactic-semantic violations and single syntactic violations in Experiment 1.
  • Semantic violations consistently evoked an N400, regardless of simultaneous syntactic category violations in Experiment 2.

Conclusions:

  • Findings challenge processing models that require grammatical attachment before semantic integration.
  • Semantic interpretation in Chinese sentence reading appears to proceed even when syntactic analysis is impossible.
  • Language experience may significantly modulate the interaction between syntactic and semantic processing.