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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...

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An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations
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An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations

Published on: April 21, 2023

Genomics of long-range regulatory elements.

James P Noonan1, Andrew S McCallion

  • 1Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. james.noonan@yale.edu

Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
|May 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Distant-acting regulatory elements control gene expression diversity across the human genome. Understanding these elements is crucial for deciphering cell type variations and potential clinical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression diversity arises from transcriptional regulation, enabling varied human cell types and functions from a shared gene set.
  • Cis-acting elements, including those acting at great genomic distances, are key components of this regulatory control, influencing gene expression spatially and temporally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established categories of distant-acting regulatory elements.
  • To discuss evidence of their regulatory potential and clinical importance.
  • To explore current and emerging technologies for identifying and annotating these elements in vertebrate genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of classical and contemporary evidence on distant-acting regulatory elements.
  • Analysis of sequence conservation-based approaches for identifying regulatory sequences.
  • Discussion of large-scale transgenic technologies in model organisms.

Main Results:

  • Distant-acting regulatory elements are critical for complex gene expression patterns.
  • Sequence conservation analysis offers insights but has limitations in predicting regulatory function.
  • Emerging technologies are advancing the annotation of regulatory elements.

Conclusions:

  • Distant-acting regulatory elements are fundamental to genome function and biological diversity.
  • Integrating various analytical approaches, including sequence conservation and transgenic studies, is essential for comprehensive regulatory element annotation.
  • Continued research into these elements holds significant clinical potential.