Adhesion properties and retinofugal expression of chicken protocadherin-19

Protocadherin-19 has been implicated in some neurological diseases, but even the basic properties of this protocadherin have not yet been characterized well. Hence, various basic properties of chicken protocadherin-19 were examined to elucidate its biological role. The protocadherin-19 expressed in L cells was localized at the intercellular contact sites and showed Ca(2+)-dependent homophilic cell aggregation activity that was relatively weak but showed stringent specificity. The results of a pull-down assay using fusion proteins of the cytoplasmic domain and glutathione S-transferase yielded specifically bound proteins. In the bound fractions, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified Nck-associated protein 1 and cytoplasmic FMP1 interacting protein 2, which have been reported to bind to glutathione S-transferase fused with the cytoplasmic domain of OL-protocadherin, suggesting that these proteins generally have affinity for delta protocadherins. Protocadherin-19 was mainly expressed in the central nervous system. In the chicken retina, protocadherin-19 was expressed as early as embryonic day 5 and was localized in the ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, and optic nerve layer. Chicken protocadherin-19 was co-localized with syntaxin 1 in inner plexiform layer and was also expressed in the optic nerve and in specific layers of optic tectum. These results suggest that protocadherin-19 plays a role as an adhesion protein in optic nerve fiber bundling, optic nerve targeting, and/or synapse formation.